Wednesday, January 4, 2012

fourierslaw

Fouriers law of heat conduction;

Rate of heat conduction through uniform material ids directly proportional to area which is normal to the direction of heatflow and the temperature gradient which is in the direction of heat flow

Q α a dt/dy

Q= -k a dt/dy
Q /a = -k dt /dy
Q’ = -k dt /dy

Q = heat flow
A = area of crosssection
,dt/dy = temperature gradient

K= thermal conductivity



Thermal conductivity :

It is the rate of heat transfer per unit area

K = Q’ dy/dt



Q’ = heat flux

Units of thermal conductivity

Watt /m.kelvin



Fouriers law of heat conduction for a plane wall

Let the thermal conductivity be = k
Let the thickness of the wall be = x m
Let the hot surface temperature be = t1
Let the temperature of cold surface be = t2

Assuming the steady state
According to fouriers law of heat conduction



q/a = -k dt /dx



x t2
∫dx = -ka /q ∫dt
0 t1

x-0 = -ka /q(t2-t1)

q = t1-t2/(x/ka)
q= ^t/R
r = x/ka
thermal conductivity is the function of property of the material and its temperature or themal energy
k of solids > liquids>gases

keywords: thermal conductivity , fouriers law of heat conduction, fouriers law of heat conduction in plane wall,

fluiddynamis

Fluidmechanics:



Study of fluid and its behaviour and properties is called fluid mechanics
Fluidmechanics is basically classified into two types like
1) fluid statics : study of fluid at rest
2) fluid dynamics: study of fluid at motion
Based on the shear rate fluids are classified into two types
1) Newtonian
2) non Newtonian
Based on the relation ship with temperature and pressure drop fluids are classified into two types they are
1) compressible: these fluids are sensitive to pressure and temperature drop
2) incompressible fluids: fluids which are insensitive to temperature and pressure dropn is called an incompressible fluid

Fluid properties:

Density : mass unit volume
Units kg/m3
Specific weight : weight /unit volume
Relative density :
Mass density /standard density
Surface tension :
Amount of force required to maintain a unit length of film in equilibrium
Viscosity:
When fluid is subjected to shearstress it undergoes certain deformation offering a certain resistance called viscosity

Newtons law of viscosity
Let the area of the fluid film is a sq.m
Let the distance between the top and bottom layers be y m
Let the fluid be flowing between the two layers
Let the velocity of the fluid be v m/sec2
Let the viscosity of the fluid be u
Let the shear stress = T
T= F/A
Let the net force acting be F newtons

According to newtons law of viscosity

F∞ vA/y
F= u A dv/dy
F/A = u dv/dy

T = u dv/dy
Therefore shearstress is directly proportional to velocity gradient
Viscosity is the constant introduces
The fluids which obey the newtons law of viscosity are called Newtonian fluids
Which does not obey are considered as the no Newtonian fluid
Types of non Newtonian fluids and the graphs concerned are given as

Pseudoplastics: are those for which the viscosity decreases with the velocity gradient

Ex: blood , rubber

Bhingam plastics: these fluids undergo continuous deformation.
Ex: toothpaste , paint , jelly

Dilatant fluids : are those for which the viscosity increases with the velocity gradient
Ex: organic fluids, biological fluids
Starch

Time dependent non Newtonian fluids

Shear thinning : viscosity decreases with increase of time
Viscoplastic : acts both as elastic aswell viscous substance
Shear thickening : viscosity increases with increase of time



keywords: fluidmechanics, fluid statics, fluid dynamics, newtons law of viscosity , non newtonain fluids, graphs of non newtonain fluids,

pseudoplastics, bingham plastics, dilatent fluids , time dependent fluids

eukaryoticregulation

s the complexity of organisms is increasing the mode of gene regulationmust be complex to control the process of gene expression.
For the process of cell specialization and cell regularity it needs the process of gene regulation for eukaryotic organisms.
The process of gene expression itself is very complex in case of eukaryotic organisms.
Transcription and translation are considered as the basic steps in the process of gene expression
In eukaryotes because of the presence of nucleus seperates transcription from translation in a way not seen in prokaryotes.
Regulation occur at the following steps thus regulating the process of gene regulation in eukaryotes if included
A)At the time of transcription B)While RNA processing C)During the process of m RNA longetivity
D)Translation.
These are the major steps when the eukaryotic regulation occur.
REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION /RNA PROCESSING PROCESS
Steps involved mRNA processing are A)Addition of 5'cap B)Addition of 3'poly(A)tail C)Removal of introns .
Usually the regulation process occur in any of these steps.
The regulation at this step of transcription /RNA processing is divided into two types. A)Whether RNA must process B)Which exons are retained m RNA.
Regulation step at RNA process indicates/ determines whether the m RNA gets translated/ not .
During this type of regulation of RNA does not get processed it will be transported out of nucleus and will not be translated forever.
In the second type of regulation i.e., which exons are retaived affects the function of the protein produced
Exon shuffling is a process in which some genes have exons that can be exchanged thus by this process the polypeptide produced could have a different function lather than the actual function , this production may some times even cause the premature stopin g of cooling.
REGULATION OF RNA LONGETIVITY
Longetivity is the step of degradation of RNA after being processed i.e., the life time of RNA .
The regulation at this step results in the required gene product to be formed rather than other gene product .
For example of two mRNA?s of same langetivity are present and one is made to degrade an hour late than first one by following the process of gene regulation it results in the production of the required ploypeptide more in amount than the other
REGULATION OF TRANSLATION
This is one of the major regulatory step in eukaryotes in which although the mRNA is ready because of this step of regulation the expression of the product cannot occur.
ex: Although mRNA is ready in the egg it does not get expressed until it gets matured.
REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION
Instead of repressors and operon system that are present in prokaryotes activation /other wise transcriptional factors paly a major role in transcription control /regulation.
Regulation can be brought by
A)Altering the rate at which RNA transcripts processed.
B)Altering the rate at which mRNA gets degraded
C)Altering the efficiency of translation.
PROMOTER AND ENHANCER ELEMENTS
Transcriptional factors are the important protein complexes that help RNA polymerase in binding to DNA.
There are five major types of transcription factor that palys a role in the gene expression like zinc finger proteins , helix turn helix protein , lucin zipper proteins-binding DNA ,helix loop helix-usually then get dimerized.
Steroid receptors In ligand binding thus regulating the activity.
These transcriptional factors which are named as activators ,promoters, enhancers paly a major role in the regulation of the eukaryotic gene expression.
ENHANCERS
The transcriptional factors whose binding increases the rate of transcription of the gene are called enhancers .
Usually these are located thousand of box pairs away from the gene they control.
Enhancers are usually located upstream ,down stream or even with in the gene they control.
Enhancers binding proteins in addition to their DNA binding site have sites that bind to transcription factors assembled the proteins of the gene .
The length of these enhancer is very short and these enhancers bind to the protein to enhance the transcription levels of genes.
Enhances donot directly act on the promoter region but are bound by activator proteins which usually help in transcribing of genes.
EXAMPLE AND ROLE OF A GENE ENHANCER:
HACNS contributed in evolution keeps in modification in the ankle and foot thus allows human to walk.
Most of the enhancers are located upstream.
Some more enhancers include ECOLI
It is usuallu located 120 bp from the start site contain sites for nitrogen regulatory protein C.
Yeast GAL1 and Gal0 genes
These are some of the enhancers which usually enhance the process of transcription.
SILENCERS:
Quite Opposite factors to enhances are silencers usually on binding of a transcriptional factor to these of causes the gene expression to be repressed .

PROMOTER
These are the regulatory regions located upstream towards 5?region of a gene.
Promoter usually regulates where ,when,and to what level of gene is to be expressed.
Promoter are the regions where the RNA polymerase binds these allowing the process of gene expression to proceed.
In eukaryotes RNA polymerase cannot recognize the promoter by itself then it needs the help of some transcriptional factors which aid in binding to the DNA .

These promoter usually contain specific DNA sequences that are recognized by protein known as transcription factors.
Promoters are processed in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryotic promoter are the short sequences at -10and -35 positions
These are present upstream from the transcription start site.
Sequence of promoter which is at -10 is called the box with TATAAT nucleotides.
Where are sequence at -35 usually consists of six nucleotides TTGACA.
Eukaryotic promoters cause the DNA to bend back on itself which allows for placement of regulatory sequences.
TATA box lies very close to transcriptional sole in eukaryotes .
Promoters are on broad classified into two types .They are core promoters proximal promoters
CORE PROMOTER
This is placed approximately at -34 ,core promoter acts as a binding site RNA polymer.
PROXIMAL PROMOTER
Uusally this is upstream of the gene that tends to contain primary regulatory elements
It is situated approximately at -250 and is specific for transcription factor binding sites.

dimensinlessnumbers

Dimensionless numbers

Heat transfer dimensionless numbers:



Prandtl number = momentum diffusivity / thermal diffusivity

V/k
V = u/ ſ
‘ſ ‘ replaced by 1/cp

Pr = CpU/K



Grasshoff number = gβ(T-T’)L*L*L/V*V

Grasshoff number for pipes = gβ(T-T’)D*D*D/V*V

Rayleighs number =
Ra= prandtl * grasshoff

Nusslets number = hx/k

Stanton number =
St=C’/2

C’ = coefficient of friction



Mass transfer dimensionless numbers



Schmidt number : momentum diffusivity / mass diffusivity

Sc= u/ ſ D

Reynolds number = inertial forces /viscous forces
Dv ſ/u

keywords: schmidt number , reynolds number , stanton number ,rayleighs number, nuslets number, prandtl number , grasshoff number,

heat transfer dimensionless numbers, mass transfer dimensionless numbers

generegulation


btechcollegeslist

engineering colleges near ibrahimpatanam /hyderabad

Bharat institute of engineering and technology:

situated : in mangalpally village of ranga reddy district

map: l.b nagar -----> sagar ringroad ----> left turn ----> bn.reddy----->gurramguda

----> bongloor ---> mangalpally

reach BIet: from

dilsuknagar: catch 277d bus ,

kukatpally - fisrt reach dilsuknagar with 225d/ secunderabad with 219

secunderabad : catch 279 bus

.. is sadan : catch 277 bus

mail: :Mangalpally, Ibrahimpatnam, Rangareddy -501510, Andhra Pradesh
Telephone: +91-8414-252313, 252399, 252648, Fax: +91-8414-252647

map information by

:divya , 2009 passed out , roll number- 05E11a2320 ,college : BIET

CVR college of engineering and technology

situated : in vastunagar of mangalpally village of ranga reddy district

map: l.b nagar -----> sagar ringroad ----> left turn ----> bn.reddy----->gurramguda

----> bongloor ---> mangalpally ---> catch the college jeeps near the kaman and reach cvr college

reach BIet: from

dilsuknagar: catch 277d bus ,

kukatpally - fisrt reach dilsuknagar with 225d/ secunderabad with 219

secunderabad : catch 279 bus

.. is sadan : catch 277 bus

mail to: Vastunagar, Mangalpalli(V), Ibrahimpatan , Rangareddy -501510, Andhra Pradesh
Telephone: +91-8414-252222, 252369, Fax: +91-8414-252396 

Sri Indu College of Engineering and Technology

situated : in sheriguda of ranga reddy district

map: l.b nagar -----> sagar ringroad ----> left turn ----> bn.reddy----->gurramguda

----> bongloor ---> mangalpally --->sheriguda---->sri indu college

reach BIet: from

dilsuknagar: catch 277d bus ,

kukatpally - fisrt reach dilsuknagar with 225d/ secunderabad with 219

secunderabad : catch 279 bus

.. is sadan : catch 277 bus

mailto:Sheriguda (V), Ibrahimpatnam Mandal, Hyderabad -501510, Andhra Pradesh
Telephone: +91-8414-224155, 66, 77

RVR institute of engineering and technology

exactly adjacent to sri indu college


Guru Nanak Engineering College

situated : in ibrahimpatnam of ranga reddy district

map: l.b nagar -----> sagar ringroad ----> left turn ----> bn.reddy----->gurramguda

----> bongloor ---> mangalpally --->sheriguda---->ibrahimpatnam ---> gurunanak college

reach BIet: from

dilsuknagar: catch 277d bus ,

kukatpally - fisrt reach dilsuknagar with 225d/ secunderabad with 219

secunderabad : catch 279 bus

.. is sadan : catch 277 bus

Ibrahimpatnam RR District 501506 Andhra Pradesh INDIA

+91-8414-202120, 224232/33

Raja Mahendra College of Engineering

Ibrahimpatnam, Rangareddy -501506, Andhra Pradesh
Telephone: +91-8414 - 224056, 223954, Fax: +91-8414 - 224032

Scient Institute of Engineering and Technology

Ibrahimpatnam, Rangareddy -501506, Andhra Pradesh
Telephone: +91-8414-223855, 223833, Fax : +91-8414-223854, 24737387 

do you know the exact address then mail to : college@sharebuddys.com

biotechnologyjntusyllabus

II YEAR ISEM
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN BIOPROCESS[SubJECT code:07A52301]


SYLLABUS AVAILABILITY:
1-5 UNITS BOOK:[ R.B BIRD, WE.STEWART,E.N.LIGHTFOOT, TRANSPORT PHENOMENA JOHN WILEY AND SONS
unit-1 MOMENTUM TRANSPORT -1, MOMENTUM TRANSPORT-II, ENERGY TRANSPORT-I, ENERGY TRANSPORT-II,MASS TRANSPORT
4TH UNIT- ENERGY TRANSPORT -II - CHAPTER 8 DORAN
6-8 UNITS: BOOK [BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES BY DORAN
UNIT-6-8 MASS TRANSPORT II , MASS TRANSPORT-III, OXYGEN TRANSPORT

BIOCHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING-I [SUBJECT CODE:07A52302]


UNIT-1: FUNDEMENTALS OF REACTION ENGINEERING-
BOOK:[O.LEVENSPIEL.CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING 3 ED]
UNIT-II AND UNIT-3
REACTIONS INOLVING CELLS-I, REACTIONS INVOLVING CELLS-II
BOOKS[ DG.RAO- CHAPTER 8 AND CHAPTER 10 , , SHULER AND F.KARGI CHAPTER 7 AND CHAPTER 10,, , ]
TOPICS : batch , fedbatch, continuous operation of mixed reactors, pg-376. BOOK[P.M DORAN]
UNIT-IV: REACTIONS INVOLVING CELLS-III: BOOK;[CHAPTER 7 OF SHULER & KARGS BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING]

UNIT-V: MULTIPLE REACTIONS
BOOKS;[CHAPTER 11. DGRAO]
UNIT-VI , UNIT-VII, UNIT-VIII MECHANISMS AND KINETICS OF ENZYME ACTION, ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION, MASS TRANSFER EFFECTS
IN IMMOBILIZED ENZYME SYSTEMS
BOOKS:[CHAPTER 1 AND CHAPTER 2 OF BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING BASIC CONCEPTS BY BLANCH]



BASIC INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY



UNIT-1: PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY METABOLITES
UNIT:2: SECONDARY METABOLITES
UNIT-3: PRODUCTION OF COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT ENZYMES BOOK:[INSUTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY BY AH.PATEL]
UNIT-4: RECOMBINANT PROTIENS
UNIT5 :BIOPRODUCTS AND OTHER PROCESSES
BIOLEACHING : REFER MASS TRANSFER BY TREYBALL/ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY BY CHATTERJEE
UNIT-6, UNIT-7, UNIT-8
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER , BIOREMEDIATION,HAZARDOUS WASTE MANGEMENT
BOOK:[ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY BY JOGDAND]



PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

unit 1, unit-2, unit-3 ,unit-4,unit-6,
TISSUE CULTURE, TISSUE CULTURE APPLICATIONS-I, TISSUE CULTURE APPLICATIONS-II,
PLANT TRANSFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND PERFORMANCE,(BIOTIC STRESS)
PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND PERFORMANCE,(ABIOTIC STRESS),
TEXTBOOK:[H.S CHAWLA 2ND EDITION PAGE NO:UNIT-1:14-23 AND 27-57
PAGE NO:UNIT-2:PAGENO: 74-87, 110-133
PAGE NO:UNIT-3:57-74
PAGE NO:UNIT-4:359-396
PAGE NO:UNIT-5:396-428
PAGE NO:UNIT-6: 396-428]
UNIT-7:MOLECULAR FORMING &INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
BOOK[TEXT BOOK OF BIOTECHNOLOGY BY HK.DAS PAGE NO:328-333
OTHER RC.DUBEY TEXT BOOK OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:PAGENO:1111-1119
UNIT-8: METABOLIC ENGINEERING:BOOK[ BIOTECHNOLOGY BY U.SATYANARAYANA PAGE NO:622-637]

COMMON REFERENCE: MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY BY BERNARD -511-589]

MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
BOOK: ARYASRI